Graves’ disease is due to an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) causing weight loss, insomnia, heat intolerance, and hyperactivity. This disease causes exophthalmos (bulging of the eyes) and ophthalmoplegia (limitation of eye movement). As the disease worsens, the connective tissue in the muscles increases, pushing the eye forward. Closing the lids becomes more difficult, because of lack of space in the orbit. Exposure and dryness of the front surface of the eye (cornea) may occur. Muscles gradually lose their full range of movement.
Initial eye symptoms of Graves’ disease include dryness, discomfort, and forward protrusion of the eyes. A goiter (swollen area in the neck) may be present. Advanced eye problems from Graves’ include corneal problems, double vision, increased eye pressure (glaucoma), and in extreme cases, eventual loss of sight.
Primary treatment of Graves’ disease involves treating the hyperthyroidism. Medical management with drugs usually provides adequate control. Eye surgery and radiation of the thyroid may be necessary in more advanced cases.
